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Farol do Bugio

Um farol com muita história

O Forte de São Lourenço do Bugio localiza-se a meio das águas da foz do rio Tejo. Inclui na sua estrutura o Farol do Bugio.

Farol do Bugio ao longe, no meio do mar

O Farol do Bugio é um monumento histórico e cultural localizado em Lisboa. Este farol tem uma longa história e é conhecido pela sua arquitetura distinta e sobretudo pela localização privilegiada no meio das águas da foz do rio Tejo.

O local onde se ergue é um banco de areia formado pelo assoreamento da foz do rio, fruto da confluência das suas águas com as do oceano Atlântico, ao ritmo das marés.

A toponímia bugio pode ser atribuída, entre outras versões, ao francês bougie (vela), devido à semelhança da sua estrutura circular e da primitiva torre encimada por farol, com uma vela acesa sobre o seu castiçal.

A estrutura da fortificação em que se insere é composta por:

  • Muralha externa (de base circular, com 62 metros de diâmetro por 6 metros de altura), rasgada por porta em arco;
  • Muralha interna (de formato circular, com 33 metros de diâmetro por 7 metros de altura);
  • Torre central (de formato circular, com 3 metros de diâmetro por 16 metros de altura), com porta em arco. No topo da torre encontra-se instalado o moderno farol;
  • Casa de Comando, quartéis, paiol, depósitos, cisterna e capela.

Como tudo começou

Inicialmente apresentou-se a ideia de uma fortificação para a barra do rio Tejo, com a função de proteção do acesso marítimo à cidade de Lisboa, no reinado de D. Sebastião (1568-78), pelo arquiteto Francisco de Holanda. Desse modo, o soberano acatou essa sugestão, encarregando, em 1578, D. Manuel de Almada de erguer essa estrutura, com a função estratégica de cruzar fogos com o Forte de S. Julião da Barra (à época, conhecido como Torre de S. Gião) também pertencente ao esquema defensivo da cidade.

E foi evoluindo

Com a crise sucessória que se verificou após a morte do rei na batalha de Alcácer-Quibir, e havendo a possibilidade de uma invasão de Portugal pelas tropas de D. Filipe II de Espanha, optou-se por construir uma estrutura de pequenas dimensões. Sendo erguida sobre estacaria de madeira que, entulhada com pedras, servia então de alicerce para uma plataforma com peças de artilharia.

Agora sob domínio espanhol

Em 1580, após rendição perante a armada espanhola, desarmou-se posteriormente. A fragilidade dos materiais utilizados, aliada à instabilidade do banco de areia e à ação das correntes e das marés, em pouco tempo comprometeram irremediavelmente esta estrutura.
Já em 1586, à época da Dinastia Filipina, o rei D. Filipe I encomendou um estudo para melhorar o sistema defensivo da barra de Lisboa, que vivia sob ameaça de corsários ingleses e holandeses. Quatro anos depois apresentaram-se dois projetos da fortificação ao soberano, tendo D. Filipe I optado pelo esquema que apresentava uma forma circular. Isto é, tratava-se de uma fortificação mais sólida diante da dinâmica das águas e que permitia um melhor posicionamento da artilharia.

Farol do Bugio. no meio do Atlântico

Em 1593, conclui-se o lançamento das pedras que serviriam de alicerces debaixo de água. Assim, para a preparação dos blocos de pedra utilizada na fundação e nas muralhas, ergueu-se um estaleiro de obras em terra, próximo a São Julião da Barra.
A partir de 1598, o engenheiro militar e arquiteto italiano Leonardo Torriania, assumiu a direção da obra. Foi quando o projeto entrou numa nova fase, dadas as alterações que Torriani lhe introduziu, ampliando-o.

Até que regressou às mãos dos portugueses

Na Restauração da Independência a 1 de dezembro de 1640, encontrava-se ainda em obras, mas já guarnecido e artilhado. Assumindo o trono como D. João IV (1640-1656), este soberano determinou que as obras fossem concluídas e que um engenheiro português assumisse os trabalhos (1643). Iniciou-se assim uma nova etapa construtiva, sob a superintendência do conde de Cantanhede sendo dado como concluído em 1657.

O relatório de inspeção efetuada ao farol em 1751, mostra que este funcionava com azeite e que se encontrava em razoáveis condições. Esta estrutura, destruída pelo terramoto de 1755, foi reedificada como um dos seis faróis erguidos na costa portuguesa para auxílio à navegação, conforme determinação do Marquês de Pombal em 1758. O novo farol entrou em funcionamento em 1775.

Já no século XX e XXI

Farol do Bugio, vista próxima desde um barco

Em suma, o Farol do Bugio foi restaurado várias vezes ao longo dos séculos. Na década de 80, sofreu uma restauração completa, quando substituíram a sua lanterna por uma versão mais moderna.
A sua manutenção é permanente tanto mais que, atualmente ainda se utiliza como farol de apoio à navegação.

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